Executive Functions in a Nutshell

What are Executive Functions?

Executive functions (EF) are often compared to the conductor of an orchestra. I describe them as the brain’s internal control panel. They are a set of mental skills that help us plan, organize, focus, regulate emotions, manage multiple tasks, and follow through on goals (and so much more!).

According to clinical psychologist Dr. Thomas Brown, executive function challenges don’t usually stem from a lack of intelligence or motivation, but from difficulties in six interconnected areas: activation, focus, effort, emotion, memory, and action. These skills work together to shape how we manage both daily tasks and long-term responsibilities.

In short, executive functions shape how we show up in the world. When our executive function skills are well-supported, we’re more likely to feel organized, confident, and grounded. When these skills are challenged, daily tasks can require more effort and creativity.


The good news? Executive functioning skills can improve at any age. With the right tools, strategies, experimentation, and support, people of all ages can strengthen these abilities in ways that align with how their brains naturally work.

Individuals with ADHD often experience more pronounced and persistent executive function challenges. As Dr. Brown says, this isn’t about lack of willpower or intelligence, it’s about how the brain is wired.

Additional Executive Function Insights

• The abilities associated with executive functioning don't all develop at once, but rather in a sequence, with one skill building atop the next.  All of the executive functions interact with each other, and impact how individuals regulate their behavior to create positive future outcomes.
• We all have executive functioning strengths and challenges that affect every aspect of our lives.
• Executive functioning differences are not something we outgrow.
• We can all improve our executive functioning skills no matter our age!
• It takes experimentation and awareness to discover which tools and strategies work best for each person.

Executive Functions - Describing Six Aspects of a Complex Syndrome,  by Thomas E. Brown, PhD 

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